Miyata and Yasunaga (1980) and Li et al. (1985)更复杂的方法,相对于amino acid-altering substitutions,赋予包含silent substitutions的进化路径更大的权值。
但以上方法都有些复杂,以下先介绍 Nei and Gojobori (1986) 无权值方法(unweighted version of Miyata and Yasunaga’s)能对同义突变和非同义突变的数量达到同样准确的估计。进一步,当每个位点的核苷酸替代数量相对较少时,有一个更粗糙的方法能给出足够准确的估计。
但是单一利用核苷酸替代或氨基酸替代信息会造成一些问题,因此介绍 Codon-based model (Goldman and Yang 1994) 以及 Poisson framework: dNdScv (Inigo Martincorena et al. 2017).
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <metacharset="utf-8"> <metaname="viewport"content="width=device-width"> <title>MathJax example</title> <scriptsrc="https://polyfill.io/v3/polyfill.min.js?features=es6"></script> <scriptid="MathJax-script"async src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js"> </script> </head> <body> <p> When \(a \ne 0\), there are two solutions to \(ax^2 + bx + c = 0\) and they are \[x = {-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac} \over 2a}.\]
$ git clone https://github.com/singularityware/singularity.git $ cd singularity $ ./autogen.sh $ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local --sysconfdir=/etc $ make $ sudo make install
如果满足于安装旧版本,能成功
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VERSION=2.5.2 wget https://github.com/singularityware/singularity/releases/download/$VERSION/singularity-$VERSION.tar.gz tar xvf singularity-$VERSION.tar.gz cd singularity-$VERSION ./configure --prefix=/usr/local make sudo make install